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Liquid metal enabled combinatorial heat transfer science: toward unconventional extreme cooling

Xiao-Hu YANG, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 259-275 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0521-3

摘要： As a class of newly emerging material, liquid metal exhibits many outstanding performances in a wide variety of thermal management areas, such as thermal interface material, heat spreader, convective cooling and phase change material (PCM) for thermal buffering etc. To help mold next generation unconventional cooling technologies and further advance the liquid metal cooling to an ever higher level in tackling more extreme, complex and critical thermal issues and energy utilizations, a novel conceptual scientific category was dedicated here which could be termed as combinatorial liquid metal heat transfer science. Through comprehensive interpretations on a group of representative liquid metal thermal management strategies, the most basic ways were outlined for developing liquid metal enabled combined cooling systems. The main scientific and technical features of the proposed hybrid cooling systems were illustrated. Particularly, five abstractive segments toward constructing the combinatorial liquid metal heat transfer systems were clarified. The most common methods on innovating liquid metal combined cooling systems based on this classification principle were discussed, and their potential utilization forms were proposed. For illustration purpose, several typical examples such as low melting point metal PCM combined cooling systems and liquid metal convection combined cooling systems, etc. were specifically introduced. Finally, future prospects to search for and make full use of the liquid metal combined high performance cooling system were discussed. It is expected that in practical application in the future, more unconventional combination forms on the liquid metal cooling can be obtained from the current fundamental principles.

关键词： combinatorial heat transfer liquid metal high flux cooling thermal management

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High heat flux thermal management through liquid metal driven with electromagnetic induction pump

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期页码 460-470 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0825-9

摘要： In this paper, a novel liquid metal-based minichannel heat dissipation method was developed for cooling electric devices with high heat flux. A high-performance electromagnetic induction pump driven by rotating permanent magnets is designed to achieve a pressure head of 160 kPa and a flow rate of 3.24 L/min, which could enable the liquid metal to remove the waste heat quickly. The liquid metal-based minichannel thermal management system was established and tested experimentally to investigate the pumping capacity and cooling performance. The results show that the liquid metal cooling system can dissipate heat flux up to 242 W/cm² with keeping the temperature rise of the heat source below 50°C. It could remarkably enhance the cooling performance by increasing the rotating speed of permanent magnets. Moreover, thermal contact resistance has a critical importance for the heat dissipation capacity. The liquid metal thermal grease is introduced to efficiently reduce the thermal contact resistance (a decrease of about 7.77 × 10⁻³ °C/W). This paper provides a powerful cooling strategy for thermal management of electric devices with large heat power and high heat flux.

关键词： high heat flux liquid metal electromagnetic pump minichannel heat sink thermal interface material

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Heat transfer characteristics of high heat flux vapor chamber

Dongchuan MO, Shushen LU, Haoliang ZHENG, Chite CHIN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 166-170 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0076-z

摘要： To meet the challenge of heat spreading in electronic products, highly efficient high heat flux heat transfer vapor chambers have been manufactured and their heat transfer characteristics have been studied by a fast test system. A solid copper block with the same shape as the vapor chamber is used to compare the performance of the vapor chamber. The result shows that, it will take about 5min to achieve a steady state in the fast test system. The heat transfer characteristics of the vapor chamber are more superior to those of the copper block. In this paper, total thermal resistance of the test system is used to evaluate the heat transfer characteristics of the vapor chamber, because it has already been used to consider both the spreading thermal resistance and the flatness of the vapor chamber.

关键词： high heat flux vapor chamber (VC) heat transfer characteristics fast test

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Preparation of reverse osmosis membrane with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties for

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第7期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1497-0

摘要：

• Nanoparticle incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting were integrated.

关键词： Anti-biofouling grafting Nanoparticle incorporation Sterilization rates Water flux Water flux recovery

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System-level Pareto frontiers for on-chip thermoelectric coolers

Sevket U. YURUKER, Michael C. FISH, Zhi YANG, Nicholas BALDASARO, Philip BARLETTA, Avram BAR-COHEN, Bao YANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 109-120 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0540-8

摘要： The continuous rise in heat dissipation of integrated circuits necessitates advanced thermal solutions to ensure system reliability and efficiency. Thermoelectric coolers are among the most promising techniques for dealing with localized on-chip hot spots. This study focuses on establishing a holistic optimization methodology for such thermoelectric coolers, in which a thermoelectric element’s thickness and the electrical current are optimized to minimize source temperature with respect to ambient, when the thermal and electrical parasitic effects are considered. It is found that when element thickness and electrical current are optimized for a given system architecture, a “heat flux vs. temperature difference” Pareto frontier curve is obtained, indicating that there is an optimum thickness and a corresponding optimum current that maximize the achievable temperature reduction while removing a particular heat flux. This methodology also provides the possible system level Δ ’s that can be achieved for a range of heat fluxes, defining the upper limits of thermoelectric cooling for that architecture. In this study, use was made of an extensive analytical model, which was verified using commercially available finite element analysis software. Through the optimization process, 3 pairs of master curves were generated, which were then used to compose the Pareto frontier for any given system architecture. Finally, a case study was performed to provide an in-depth demonstration of the optimization procedure for an example application.

关键词： thermoelectric cooling thermal management optimization high flux electronics

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Recent development and application of thin-film thermoelectric cooler

Yuedong Yu, Wei Zhu, Xixia Kong, Yaling Wang, Pengcheng Zhu, Yuan Deng

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 492-503 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1829-9

摘要： Recently, the performance and fabrication of thin-film thermoelectric materials have been largely enhanced. Based on this enhancement, the thin-film thermoelectric cooler (TEC) is becoming a research hot topic, due to its high cooling flux and microchip level size. To fulfill a thin-film TEC, interfacial problems are unavoidable, as they may largely reduce the properties of a thin-film TEC. Moreover, the architecture of a thin-film TEC should also be properly designed. In this review, we introduced the enhancement of thermoelectric properties of (Bi,Sb) (Te,Se) solid solution materials by chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition and electrodeposition. Then, the interfacial problems, including contact resistance, interfacial diffusion and thermal contact resistance, were discussed. Furthermore, the design, fabrication, as well as the performance of thin-film TECs were summarized.

关键词： thin-film thermoelectric cooler interfaces cooling flux TE device fabrication

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A thermoelectric generator and water-cooling assisted high conversion efficiency polycrystalline silicon

Zekun LIU, Shuang YUAN, Yi YUAN, Guojian LI, Qiang WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第2期页码 358-366 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0712-1

摘要： Solar energy has been increasing its share in the global energy structure. However, the thermal radiation brought by sunlight will attenuate the efficiency of solar cells. To reduce the temperature of the photovoltaic (PV) cell and improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy, a hybrid system composed of the PV cell, a thermoelectric generator (TEG), and a water-cooled plate (WCP) was manufactured. The WCP cannot only cool the PV cell, but also effectively generate additional electric energy with the TEG using the waste heat of the PV cell. The changes in the efficiency and power density of the hybrid system were obtained by real time monitoring. The thermal and electrical tests were performed at different irradiations and the same experiment temperature of 22°C. At a light intensity of 1000 W/m , the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 86.8°C to 54.1°C, and the overall efficiency increases from 15.6% to 21.1%. At a light intensity of 800 W/m , the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 70°C to 45.8°C, and the overall efficiency increases from 9.28% to 12.59%. At a light intensity of 400 W/m , the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 38.5°C to 31.5°C, and the overall efficiency is approximately 3.8%, basically remain unchanged.

关键词： photovoltaic (PV) thermoelectric generator conversion efficiency hybrid energy systems water-cooled plate (WCP)

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Cutting heat dissipation in high-speed machining of carbon steel based on the calorimetric method

QUAN Yanming, HE Zhenwei, DOU Yong

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第3卷第2期页码 175-179 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0022-5

摘要： The cutting heat dissipation in chips, workpiece, tool and surroundings during the high-speed machining of carbon steel is quantitatively investigated based on the calorimetric method. Water is used as the medium to absorb the cutting heat; a self-designed container suitable for the high-speed lathe is used to collect the chips, and two other containers are adopted to absorb the cutting heat dissipated in the workpiece and tool, respectively. The temperature variations of the water, chips, workpiece, tool and surroundings during the closed high-speed machining are then measured. Thus, the cutting heat dissipated in each component of the cutting system, total cutting heat and heat flux are calculated. Moreover, the power resulting from the main cutting force is obtained according to the measured cutting force and predetermined cutting speed. The accuracy of cutting heat measurement by the calorimetric method is finally evaluated by comparing the total cutting heat flux with the power resulting from the main cutting force.

关键词： cutting system medium temperature flux tool

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锌液冷却管损坏机理的研究

袁望姣,何将三

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第9期页码 56-60

摘要：

炼锌工业中广泛使用由无缝钢管冷弯而成的冷却管来实现锌液的冷却。冷却管的使用寿命非常短，消耗量相当大。锌液的表面张力小，渗透性强，腐蚀性强，能与冷却管中的铁元素生成铁-锌合金，能溶解冷却管中碳、硅等元素，锌液对冷却管的强腐蚀性，是影响锌液冷却管使用寿命的决定性因素；锌液冷却管的损坏是高温腐蚀和应力腐蚀共同作用的结果，热应力和残余应力促使其损坏由高温腐蚀向应力腐蚀发展；冷却管损坏位置由热应力和残余应力共同决定，其中热应力起主导作用。

关键词：锌液冷却管损坏机理高温腐蚀应力腐蚀

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High production of butyric acid by

Chao Ma,Jianfa Ou,Matthew Miller,Sarah McFann,Xiaoguang (Margaret) Liu

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第3期页码 369-375 doi: 10.1007/s11705-015-1525-3

摘要： The objective of this study was to improve the production of butyric acid by process optimization using the metabolically engineered mutant of (PAK-Em). First, the free-cell fermentation at pH 6.0 produced butyric acid with concentration of 38.44 g/L and yield of 0.42 g/g. Second, the immobilized-cell fermentations using fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) were run at pHs of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 to optimize fermentation process and improve the butyric acid production. It was found that the highest titer of butyric acid, 63.02 g/L, was achieved at pH 6.5. Finally, the metabolic flux balance analysis was performed to investigate the carbon rebalance in . The results show both gene manipulation and fermentation pH change redistribute carbon between biomass, acetic acid and butyric acid. This study demonstrated that high butyric acid production could be obtained by integrating metabolic engineering and fermentation process optimization.

关键词： Clostridium tyrobutyricum butyric acid production fermentation mutant pH flux balance analysis

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Observation of bioturbation and hyporheic flux in streambeds

Jinxi SONG, Xunhong CHEN, Cheng CHENG,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 340-348 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0233-y

摘要： In the Elkhorn River, burrows, tubes, and sediment mounds created by invertebrate bioturbation were observed in the exposed streambed and commonly concentrated on the fine-sediment patches, which consist of silt, clay, and organic matter. These invertebrate activities could loosen the thin layer of clogging sediments and result in an increase of pore size in the sediments, leading to greater vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed (). The measurements of the vertical hydraulic gradient across the submerged streambed show that vertical flux in the hyporheic zone can alter directions (upward versus downward) for two locations only a few meters apart. In situ permeameter tests show that streambed in the upper sediment layer is much higher than that in the lower sediment layer, and the calculated in the submerged streambed is consistently greater than that in the clogged sediments around the shorelines of the sand bars. Moreover, a phenomenon of gas bubble release at the water-sediment interface from the subsurface sediments was observed in the groundwater seepage zone where flow velocity is extremely small. The bursting of gas bubbles can potentially break the thin clogging layer of sediments and enhance the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed.

关键词： invertebrate bioturbation clogging hyporheic exchange streambed the Elkhorn River

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高速高精度机床热分析与热设计技术

高建民,史晓军,许艾明,赵博选

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第1期页码 28-33

摘要：

随着机床高速高精度的技术发展，热问题已成为影响机床特性的重要因素。从提高机床的固有热性能出发，系统介绍了机床热特性分析、热结构优化及其冷却技术的理论和方法，以及国内外研究现状，并探讨了机床“热设计”理论与技术的最新进展和未来研究重点及趋势。

关键词：高速高精度机床热特性分析热结构优化冷却技术

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Application of cold spraying for flux-free brazing of aluminium alloy 6060

Kirsten BOBZIN, Lidong ZHAO, Thomas SCHLAEFER, Thomas WARDA,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第5卷第3期页码 256-260 doi: 10.1007/s11465-010-0095-9

摘要： In the present study, samples of aluminium alloy 6060 were coated by cold spraying with a powder of brazing alloy Al12Si. The influence of the process gas temperature on particle velocities and coating build-up was investigated. The coated samples were heat-treated in air and under argon atmosphere to investigate the wetting behaviour of the deposited Al12Si and the diffusion processes between Al12Si coatings and substrates. Coated samples were brazed flux-free under argon atmosphere by an induction heating system. The microstructure of the coated, heat-treated, and brazed samples was investigated. The shear strength of the brazed joints was determined. The results show that the brazing alloy Al12Si could be very well deposited on the substrate by cold spraying. The particle velocity increased with increasing process temperature. Correspondingly, the thickness of Al12Si coatings increased with increasing process temperature. The heat treatments showed that a very good metallurgical bond between the Al12Si coatings and the substrate could be realized by the deposition using cold spraying. The coated samples could be well brazed without fluxes. The coating thickness and overlap width influenced the shear strength of the brazed joints. The highest shear strength of brazed joints amounts to 80 MPa.

关键词： aluminium alloy flux-free brazing cold spraying shear strength

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Flow, thermal, and vibration analysis using three dimensional finite element analysis for a flux reversal

B. VIDHYA,K. N. SRINIVAS

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 424-440 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0423-9

摘要： This paper presents the simulation of major mechanical properties of a flux reversal generator (FRG) viz., computational fluid dynamic (CFD), thermal, and vibration. A three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) based CFD technique for finding the spread of pressure and air velocity in air regions of the FRG is described. The results of CFD are mainly obtained to fine tune the thermal analysis. Thus, in this focus, a flow analysis assisted thermal analysis is presented to predict the steady state temperature distribution inside FRG. The heat transfer coefficient of all the heat producing inner walls of the machine are evaluated from CFD analysis, which forms the main factor for the prediction of accurate heat distribution. The vibration analysis is illustrated. Major vibration sources such as mechanical, magnetic and applied loads are covered elaborately which consists of a 3D modal analysis to find the natural frequency of FRG, a 3D static stress analysis to predict the deformation of the stator, rotor and shaft for different speeds, and an unbalanced rotor harmonic analysis to find eccentricity of rotor to make sure that the vibration of the rotor is within the acceptable limits. Harmonic analysis such as sine sweep analysis to identify the range of speeds causing high vibrations and steady state vibration at a mode frequency of 1500 Hz is presented. The vibration analysis investigates the vibration of the FRG as a whole, which forms the contribution of this paper in the FRG literature.

关键词： flux reversal generator air velocity computation fluid dynamics thermal analysis vibration analysis finite element analysis